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Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders that result from disturbance of electrical signals in brain cells and are characterized by the occurrence of recurrent seizures. Epileptic seizures can vary from short, nearly undetectable periods to long periods of severe convulsion, and these seizures can also lead to physical injuries, including sometimes broken bones. Seizures are repeated in cases of epilepsy and, as a rule, have no immediate underlying cause. Isolated seizures triggered by certain causes, such as poisoning, are not considered epileptic. People with epilepsy can be treated differently in many regions around the world and suffer from varying degrees of stigma due to their condition.

The cause of most epilepsy is unknown. Some cases occur as a result of a brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, brain infections, or birth defects. Known genetic mutations are directly related to a small percentage of cases. Epileptic seizures are the result of excessive and abnormal nerve activity in the cerebral cortex. Diagnosis includes ruling out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms, such as fainting, and determining whether another cause of seizures, such as alcohol withdrawal syndrome or electrolyte problems, is present. This may be done in part by brain imaging and blood tests, and epilepsy can often be confirmed with an EEG, but a normal test does not rule out the condition.

Epilepsy that occurs as a result of other problems can be prevented and seizures can be controlled with medication. In about 70% of cases, these drugs are often available. For those whose seizures do not respond to medication, surgery, nerve stimulation, or dietary changes may be indicated. Not all cases of epilepsy last a lifetime, there are many people whose condition improves to the point of dispensing with treatment.

As of 2015, about 39 million people suffer from epilepsy, 80% of these cases in the developing world. The death rate increased from approximately 112,000 in 1990 to 125,000 in 2015. Epilepsy is more common among the elderly. In the developed world, new cases appear most often in children and the elderly, while in the developing world they appear in older children and young adults due to the different frequency of the underlying causes. About 5-10% of people are expected to have an unexplained seizure by the age of 80, and the chance of a second seizure is between 40-50%. In many parts of the world, people with epilepsy are restricted in their ability to drive, and they are not permitted to drive until the seizures have completely stopped occurring for a specified period of time.

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