كتاب التفكير السريع والبطيء on Windows Pc

Thinking, Fast and Slow is a book published in 2011 by Nobel Prize laureate Daniel Kannman summarizing his research over several decades, often in collaboration with Amos Tewski. [1] [2] The book covers all three stages of his practical life: his first days in the research of cognitive bias, his work in the theory of expectation, and his recent work in happiness.

In this book, Kannman discusses what he calls the "dual-brain therapist." The brain is divided into two systems that dictate the way we think: System 1 works quickly and spontaneously. It is an emotional system that does not take much effort. In contrast, Slower, requires more effort, and works systematically and logically. The mind works in accordance with a delicate and complex balance between the two systems, in the tension and attraction that constitute our most prominent abilities and drawbacks. The book identifies the cognitive prejudices associated with each system of thinking, beginning with Kanman's research on avoiding loss. From framing options to switching to other concepts, the book reviews many decades of research to emphasize the idea that we give human judgments excessive trust.

Theory of expectation
Kanman developed the theory of expectation, which was the basis for his Nobel Prize, to take into account the experimental errors he observed in Daniel Bernoulli's theory of utility. This theory makes logical assumptions that do not reflect the real choices of people because they do not take behavioral biases into consideration.

For example, it may be rationally assumed that an individual sets a double value for a particular probability if we multiply the original probability ratio. If he has a 10% chance of winning and another 20%, he will make the probability of the second probability twice the value of the first probability, but the tests show the opposite. Humans are more inclined to act to avoid loss of profit-making action. For example, people generally attribute different changes in absolute value to a 10% probability of loss compared to a 10% probability of profit. They also think of the reference point when deciding how much each probability is worth. So, a 10% change in probability has a greater value for most people if the probability changes from 0% to 10% if changed from 90% to 100%.

Two systems
In the first chapter of the book, Kenman describes the two different systems in which the brain builds ideas - which ultimately form the "cognition" -:

System 1: fast, automatic, repetitive, passionate, unconscious, has stereotypes.
System 2: slow, consuming effort, not repetitive, logical, arithmetic, conscious.
Kenman presents a number of experiments aimed at clarifying the differences between these two systems, and how they reach different results from the same inputs. Terminology and concepts include harmony, concentration, laziness, linkage, jumping to conclusions and how an individual builds his or her judgments.

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