biologie animale zoologie on Windows Pc

Contents
What? How? Why ? 1
1 What is an animal? 3
1.1 Scientific definition of the word animal 3
1.2 Vital functions in animals 4
1.3 Definition of the main organizational plans 6
Presence or absence of tissue 6
Number of embryonic leaflets 6
Becoming an embryonic blastopore 9
Presence and nature of body cavities 9
1.4 How to classify animals? 11
Key points 15
QCM / QROC 15
Solutions 16
2 Animals with simple organization 17
2.1 The parazo-type organization 17
The placozoa 17
Sponges (example: calcareous sponges) 18
2.2 The diploblastic organization 21
The cnidarians 22
The centenaries (or ctenophores) 26
Key points 28
QCM / QROC 29
Solutions 30
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VI The mini manual of animal biology
3 Protostomians without coeloma 31
3.1 The organization of acelomate type 31
The flatworms (flatworms) 32
The nemerteans or nemerteans 42
3.2 The pseudocelomate organization 44
Nematodes 44
Rotifers 46
Key points 48
QCM / QROC 49
Solutions 50
4 Protostomial coelomates 51
4.1 Protostomians with non-metamerized coelome 52
Well-developed non-metamerized coelome 52
Non-metamerized coelome reduced, case of molluscs 54
4.2 Protostomians with metamerized coelome,
case of annelids 62
The polychaete annelids (example: Nereis) 62
The oligochaetes 66
Buyers or leeches or hirudinea 68
4.3 Protostomians whose coeloma fuses
with the blastoceles 70
General characteristics of arthropods 70
Spiders and scorpions 77
Myriapods 79
The crustaceans 79
Insects 79
Key points 85
QCM / QROC 86
Solutions 87
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Table of contents VII
5 Deuterostomies 89
5.1 Deuterostomous epithelioneurous type 89
5.2 The deuterostomous of the spinous type
General characters of chordates 95
Urochordates or tunicates 95
Cephalochordates 98
Cranates 100
Key points 102
QCM / QROC 103
Solutions 104
6 General organization of vertebrates 105
6.1 Differentiation of the ectoblast 105
The epidermis 105
The nervous system 106
The main sensory organs 109
6.2 Differentiation of the mesoblast 119
The skeleton 121
The urogenital tract 127
The circulatory system 132
6.3 Differentiation of the endoblast 133
The pharynx 133
The digestive tract 134
Key points 135
QCM / QROC 136
Solutions 138
7 Organization of the main types of vertebrates 139
7.1 The organization of Petromyzontids 139
External morphology 139
Internal anatomy 141
7.2 The organization of chondrichthyans 143
External morphology 143
Internal anatomy 145
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7.3 The teleost organization 150
External morphology 150
Internal anatomy 152
7.4 The organization of amphibians 157
External morphology 157
Internal anatomy 157
7.5 Reptilian organization 165
External morphology 167
Internal anatomy 167
7.6 The organization of birds 173
External morphology 173
Internal anatomy 173
7.7 The organization of mammals 180
External morphology 180
Internal anatomy 182
Key points 190
QCM / QROC 191
193 Solutions

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